Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past decade, Ireland’s real domestic product per head has doubled, and its national unemployment rate has declined from 16% to less than 5%. This has made the Republic one of the ten richest countries in the world. This economic ″miracle″ is the joint outcome of a long-term productivity boom dating back to the 1950s and 1960s, and a sudden short-term output and employment boom that has seen Ireland’s job performance recover since 1993 all the ground lost during the previous twenty years. It turns out that Ireland has been remarkably supportive of long-term productivity growth for several decades, through its openness to free international trade and investment, its business-friendly industrial and tax policies, and its free secondary and low-cost higher education. The short-term aggregate demand push since 1993 has been fueled by the solid economic recovery in Europe and the United States, continued improvement in Ireland’s international cost competitiveness, streamlined public finances, and low (net-of-inflation) interest rates. The aggregate supply response to this expansion in demand has included a sharp increase in women’s labour force participation rate, a large flow of new and return immigrants, and massive foreign direct investment, particularly from US multinational corporations. In combination, these developments in labour and capital markets have kept the boom going with no increase in inflation until late 1999. The extended non-inflationary response also owes much to Irish fiscal discipline, consensus-based wage moderation, and participation in the Single European Market and the European Monetary Union. Ireland’s long-term productivity-enhancing policies can be widely imitated or emulated by other countries, including Canada. Policies to promote high employment must take into account country-specific wage-setting institutions and monetary regimes. In general, countries will achieve the lowest sustainable national unemployment rate if they avoid premature monetary tightening, and if they adopt supply-friendly tax, expenditure and regulatory policies that keep unit labour costs low and foster high rates of saving and investment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.023 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".