Intra‐ and extra‐familial influences on alcohol and drug misuse: a twin study of gene–environment correlation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: Genotype-environment correlation refers to the extent to which individuals are exposed to environments as a function of their genetic propensities. These correlations are important in the study of psychopathology because they identify environments that may maintain the expression of underlying genetic liabilities for a disorder. The present study examined the correlation between genetic liabilities for alcohol and drug misuse with perceptions of the social environments of the family of origin and the classroom. DESIGN: Postal survey data were collected from monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. SETTING: Twin pairs were recruited from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada using newspaper advertisements and media stories. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-five monozygotic and 77 dizygotic twin pairs were recruited from the general population. MEASUREMENTS: Twin pairs completed self-report measures of alcohol and drug misuse contained in the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology, the Family Environment Scale, the Classroom Environment Scale, and the Traumatic Events Questionnaire. FINDINGS: Genetically indexed alcohol and drug misuse scores were regressed on the environmentally indexed FES and CES scales. Genetic liabilities for alcohol and drug misuse were associated with decreased perceived family moral-religious emphases, family cohesion and classroom task orientation and increased perceptions of classroom order and organization (strictness). CONCLUSIONS: Genotype-environment correlations, in particular, moral-religious emphases in the home, appear to be important in the development of substance misuse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".