When Borders Cross Peoples: The Internal Colonial Challenge to Borderlands Theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Struggles, such as those of the Irish in Northern Ireland, Tibetans in China, and Mexicans in the United States, have had much to do with historic claims to homeland, especially around issues involving shifting borders and migration. In the US the perception of Mexicans as aliens in the Southwest derived from the Anglo-American imposition of a borderline across Mexico in 1848. In response to the dominant US view, ethnic Mexicans countered with their own image of the Southwest as Mexico's lost northern borderlands and of the border as immoral and irrelevant. By the 1960s, supporting that image, ethnic Mexicans helped develop “internal colonialism”—a theory dismissed in the 1980s, but persistent. The purpose of this paper is to outline the connections between internal colonial and borderlands theories and to argue for the necessity of the former to understand the historic situations of indigenous and hybrid populations within the borders of modern nation-states.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".