Measurements of the Temperature Inside an Explosive Fireball
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper discusses the development of a fiber optic probe that can obtain temperature measurements from the interior of explosive fireballs, which are generated when unreacted detonation products react with oxygen in the surrounding air. Signatures of the thermochemical environment and chemical species involved can often be deduced from their light emissions, but the limited optical depth of fireballs means that remote sensing techniques can only sample emissions from the outer shell. By developing a protected fiber optic probe that can be placed adjacent to an exploding charge, giving it the ability to become enveloped by the fireball, the thermal radiation from the interior of the fireball can be sampled. Measurement from five shots using Detasheet-C explosives were carried out and could be obtained over the course of about 20 ms. Blackbody-type radiation with temperatures in the 1600 K to 1900 K range were observed, peaking at about 1850 K after 12 ms. The magnitude and time behavior of the temperature was not significantly different when taken at different locations within the fireball, indicating that temperature is fairly uniform throughout. The lack of specific spectral emission lines implies that in the interior of the fireball any combustion that occurred was probably primarily with carbonaceous soot, though differences in optical depth at different locations in the fireball indicate that it was much more fuel-rich closer to the center.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it