Correlations among some clay parameters — the multivariate distribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper constructs a 10-dimensional multivariate probability distribution covering 10 clay parameters. The parameters are the liquid limit, plasticity index (PI), liquidity index, effective vertical stress, undrained shear strength, sensitivity, and three piezocone test parameters. A CLAY/10/7490 database is compiled in a companion paper for this purpose. The database consists of 7490 data points from 251 studies. The number of data points associated with each study varies from 1 to 419 with an average 30 data points per study. The clay properties cover a wide range of overconsolidation ratios (but mostly 1∼10), a wide range of sensitivity (St) (sites with St= 1∼tens or hundreds are fairly typical), and a wide range of PI (but mostly 8∼100). The constructed multivariate probability distribution can be used as a prior distribution to derive the joint distribution of design parameters based on limited but site-specific field data. Note that the entire joint distribution of the 10 clay parameters is derived, not marginal distributions or simply means and coefficients of variation. These multiple design parameters can be updated from multiple field measurements, which is more useful than updating one design parameter using one field measurement that is typical in current practice. This paper also demonstrates that it is practical to build multivariate probability models by combining available bivariate models, which are prevalent in the geotechnical engineering correlation literature. The proposed approach circumvents the need to collect multivariate data, which are rarely found in typical site investigation programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".