Radar backscatter from a wind roughened water surface in the Bragg regime
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of the normalized radar cross section (/spl sigma//sup o/) made by the YSCAT ultra-wideband scatterometer during an extended deployment at Lake Ontario are analyzed and compared with anemometer wind measurements to study the sensitivity of /spl sigma//sup o/ to the wind speed as a function of the Bragg wavelength. Wind speeds from 4.5 m/s to 12 m/s are studied at frequencies of 2 to 14 GHz and incidence angles within the Bragg regime, 30/spl deg/ to 50/spl deg/. Adopting a power law model to describe the relationship between /spl sigma//sup o/ and wind speed, the wind speed exponents and upwind/downwind (u/d) ratios of /spl sigma//sup o/ are presented as a function of the ocean Bragg wavelength. Analysis of the wind speed dependence of the normalized measurement variance suggests that Bragg scattering does not explain the observed scattering characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".