Llandovery (Early Silurian) orthide brachiopod associations from Anticosti Island, eastern CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme <i>The dynamic reef and shelly communities of the Paleozoic. This Special is in honour of our colleague and friend Paul Copper</i>.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Five Llandovery orthide brachiopod associations, through cluster analysis, are delineated on Anticosti Island. The Levenea – Dicoelosia Association (A), occurring in the Goéland and Richardson members of the lower Jupiter Formation, represents a deep-water setting around or below the maximum storm wave base. The Flabellitesia – Dalejina Association (B), appearing in the Cybèle, Ferrum, and Pavillon members of the upper Jupiter Formation, indicates water depth in between the maximum and normal storm wave bases. The Isorthis ( Ovalella ) Association (C1), present in the Fox Point Member of Becscie Formation, corresponds to the shallower water setting around the normal storm wave base. The Mendacella bleikeriensis Association (C2), occurring in the Innommée, Sandtop, and Macgilvray members of Gun River Formation, characterizes the water depth slightly below the normal storm wave base. The Mendacella udauberis Association (D), appearing in the Merrimack Formation, signifies a water depth around the maximum storm wave base. The water depth indication of these associations may bear potential as future reference for other regions, but attention should be paid to the species level as some congeneric species can belong to different associations of different depth. The cluster analysis on orthide collections based on binary data demonstrates that statistical methods, Jaccard coefficient and Ward’s method of clustering, are practical and effective to delineate large brachiopod collections on Anticosti Island.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".