Warm spring and summer water temperatures in small eutrophic lakes of the Canadian prairies: potential implications for phytoplankton and zooplankton
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shallow, polymictic lakes with low heat storage capacity are especially susceptible to warmer spring conditions, predicted for a changing climate. In these lakes, atmosphere to water mass heat transfer is efficient as a result of high wind exposures and large surface areas relative to volumes. We examined effects of warmer water temperatures on phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and species composition in three small eutrophic lakes (5.2–14.9 ha) of the Canadian prairies in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, over two open-water seasons with contrasting spring weather conditions, i.e. 2005-a “normal” spring and 2006-a warm spring. Warmer spring and summer water temperatures were associated with decreased water transparency, increased phytoplankton biomass, increased relative filamentous cyanobacteria biomass and shifts in dominant genera from Aphanizomenon to Anabaena and Planktothrix. Zooplankton responded strongly; abundance of Daphnia (D. pulicaria, D. ambigua and D. parvula) decreased while rotifers, Skistodiaptomus oregonensis and Bosmina longirostris increased in abundance. Of several factors influencing phytoplankton dynamics, total dissolved nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N:P] and water column stability did not show important changes between years. In contrast, water temperature [described as the metric degree-days (°C day)] was related to changes in phytoplankton and % cyanobacteria biovolume. Daphniid abundance showed a significant negative relationship with an increase in filamentous cyanobacteria biomass and, thus we suggest, was indirectly associated with increased water temperatures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".