Yemen and Vietnam capripoxviruses demonstrate a distinct host preference for goats compared with sheep
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are caused by viruses that are members of the genus Capripoxvirus, and globally result in significant production losses. To improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis and evaluate host species preferences, sheep and goats were inoculated either with a capripoxvirus isolate from Yemen or from a recent outbreak in Vietnam. Blood, swabs and tissues were collected at various time points following experimental challenge and assessed for viral DNA content using real-time PCR and infectivity using virus isolation. The Yemen isolate was considerably more pathogenic in goats with 100 % mortality and morbidity compared with sheep with 0 % mortality and 100 % morbidity. The Vietnam isolate was also more pathogenic in goats with 100 % morbidity and an estimated 33 % mortality rate compared with mild morbidity and a 0 % mortality rate in sheep. Higher viral titres were observed in nasal, oral and conjunctival swabs from goats inoculated with either the Yemen or Vietnam isolate compared with those collected from sheep. Although the highest viral titres were detected in primary and secondary skin lesions in sheep and goats, the severity of clinical disease observed in each species varied according to the inoculum used. Whereas both the Yemen and Vietnam isolates clearly caused more severe disease in goats, the Yemen isolate was also moderately pathogenic in sheep. The Vietnam isolate, in contrast, caused only very mild disease in sheep. Limited DNA sequencing revealed ORF 074 of the Vietnam isolate to be identical to that of several goatpox virus isolates from China, suggesting a possible Chinese origin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".