Physiological Effects and Biotransformation of PSP Toxins in the New Zealand Scallop,<i>Pecten novaezelandiae</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Algal blooms produced by toxic dinoflagellates have increased worldwide, resulting in economic losses to aquaculture and fisheries. In New Zealand, the effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins on the physiology of the native scallop, Pecten novaezelandiae, are relatively unknown. Adult scallops (shell length, 94 mm) were exposed to low concentrations of the toxic PSP-producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense for 10 days followed by 8 days of depuration during which clearance rate, excretion rate, and the level of PSP toxins accumulated in the tissues were measured. For the first 6 days, scallops that had been exposed to toxic dinoflagellates had significantly lower clearance rates than the control group that was exposed to nontoxic dinoflagellates. By day 10, scallops had recovered their original clearance rate, and this rate continued throughout the depuration period. Excretion and oxygen uptake were unaffected by the PSP toxins. Differences in the toxin profile of the toxic dinoflagellates and the tissues of the scallops confirmed biotransformation of PSP algal toxins in the scallop digestive gland, where the majority of the PSP toxins were located. After 10 days of feeding on the toxic dinoflagellate, the PSP toxin level of the tissues reached 297 µg STX di-HCl equivalents/100 g. A depuration period of 8 days was insufficient to reduce the PSP toxin to safe levels (80 µg STX di-HCl equivalents/100 g) for consumption of the whole scallop.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".