Biologically Active Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Is Shed as Dimers by a Regulated Mechanism in the Inflamed Pleural Space
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is an adhesion molecule that plays a crucial role in cell-cell interactions involved in the recruitment of cells and immune responses. Under some circumstances, ICAM-1 is found as a soluble protein that has the potential to influence the nature of immunoinflammatory responses. By examining cells and fluid from the pleural compartment of patients with cancer, tuberculosis, and congestive heart failure, the cellular source, conformation, control, and biological activity of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) were investigated. The results suggest that dimeric sICAM-1 was released locally in the pleural compartment of tuberculous and malignant effusions. sICAM-1 was shed from preexpressed surface ICAM-1 rather than produced de novo, and both CD45-positive leukocytes and cytokeratin-positive epithelial and mesothelial cells expressed ICAM-1, suggesting multiple cellular sources for sICAM-1. The expression of sICAM-1 was regulated because pleural macrophages caused release of sICAM-1 via a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent mechanism. The functional significance of sICAM-1 was demonstrated by showing that pleural sICAM-1 interfered with conjugate formation between LAK cells and K562 cells, suggesting that pleural sICAM-1 plays an immunosuppressive role by inhibiting adhesion of cytotoxic lymphocytes and tumor cells. Thus, sICAM-1 is shed from the surface of cells in a regulated manner and has the potential to influence the immune response in the pleural space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".