Laboratory measurements of seismic attenuation in sandstone: Strain versus fluid saturation effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In the past few decades, great attention has been focused on uncovering the physics of seismic wave attenuation in fluid-saturated rocks. However, the relationship among many variables affecting attenuation is still not completely clear. For instance, although the role of strain in enhancing friction dissipation is relatively well known for dry rocks, it remains unclear how and how much it affects attenuation in fluid-saturated rocks. We experimentally measured attenuation in the extensional mode in Berea sandstone at strains between 7.8×10−7 and 1.9×10−5, and at frequencies in the seismic bandwidth (1–100 Hz). These strains were similar to those typically observed in seismic exploration (∼10−6). We also measured the transient fluid pressure caused when a stepwise stress was applied resulting in such strains. For the studied strain range, our results indicated that: (1) the overall attenuation in dry Berea sandstone increased linearly with strain, (2) the frequency-dependent component of attenuation, which was associated with fluid saturation, was approximately insensitive to strain, and (3) the overall attenuation can be considered as a sum of a frequency-independent and a frequency-dependent components.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".