Extended C37.118.1 PMU Algorithms for Joint Tracking of Fundamental and Harmonic Phasors in Stressed Power Systems and Microgrids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper extends synchrophasor algorithms approximating C37.118.1 filtering requirements to provide phasor measurement units (PMUs) with the capability of accurately tracking single-phase harmonic phasors subject to varying nominal frequency and out-of band interharmonic interference. The fastest solution is built on a Kalman filter (KF) bank responding with notches at harmonic frequencies, while the most accurate solution relies on a five-cycle finite-impulse-response filter with more than 80-dB harmonic rejection. Highly distorted standardized test signals following WECC and Hydro-Québec experiences for stressed transmission systems and IEC recommendations for medium- and low-voltage system distortions are used to demonstrate the good performance of the two algorithms in tracking nonstationary fundamental and harmonics quantities. The two schemes are compared advantageously in terms of computation speed and performance with a four-cycle short-time fast Fourier transform algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of harmonic phasors-enabled PMUs is demonstrated on a generation-rich microgrid subjected to a severe fault, followed by an offnominal frequency operation in islanded mode and subsequent grid re synchronization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".