The Effect of Migration on Government Size Case study: Some Selected Middle-East Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Migration is caused by a push from behind and/or a pull from an appealing prospect in front.The combination of push and pull factors and research into which specific determinants play a significant role in migration patterns has received a lot of attention in the empirical literature. Immigration is the main demographic factor and the government is supposed to have the ability to control its size and skill composition.In high income countries natural population growth nowadays is low (or negative) and overall population growth is mostly driven by immigration. A statistically significant role of migration in affecting the tax rate is found after controlling for income inequality and for several social and demographic variables that would be expected to reflect the government‘s revenue needs and thus determine the tax rate. The aim of the present study is to examine if and how much the amount of public expenditures on social services has been affected by the migration among some Middle East countries over 1990-2007. Key words: Migration; Government size; Middle-East Resume: La migration est causee par une poussee de l'arriere et/ou une attraction a partir d'une perspective seduisante en face.La combinaison des facteurs de poussee et tiree et la recherche sur les determinants specifiques jouent un role important dans les modeles de migration.Et le probleme de migration a recu beaucoup d'attention dans la litterature empirique.L'immigration est le facteur demographique principal et le gouvernement est cense avoir la capacite de controler sa taille et la composition des competences.Dans les pays a revenus eleves, la croissance naturelle de la population est faible (ou negative) aujourd'hui et la croissance de la population globale est principalement influencee par l'immigration. Un role statistiquement significatif de la migration dans l'affectation du taux d'imposition est constate apres le controle de l'inegalite des revenus et de plusieurs variables socio-demographiques censees refleter les besoins de revenus du gouvernement et determiner ainsi le taux d'imposition. L'objectif de la presente etude est d'examiner si et dans quelle mesure le montant des depenses publiques consacrees dans les services sociaux a ete affectee par la migration entre certains pays du Moyen-Orient durant la periode 1990-2007. Mots-cles: Migration; Taille du gouvernement; Moyen-Orient
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".