Measured soil–structure interaction for concrete piles subjected to lateral loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lateral loads often control the design of deep foundations. This paper focuses on improving the understanding of soil–structure interaction (SSI) of laterally loaded piles and developing p–y curves based on simultaneous direct measurements of the soil–pile interaction pressure (p) and lateral pile displacement (y) along the length of the pile. This paper summarizes the methodology, instrumentation, soil–pile interaction measurements, and procedure used to investigate the soil–pile interaction and to develop the directly measured p–y curves. A 102 mm diameter, 1.42 m long precast concrete pile was fully instrumented with advanced sensors and installed in well-graded sand. The digital image correlation (DIC) data indicated that the soil movement in front of the pile extended up to 6.3 pile diameters (6.3D) from the pile center. The normalized measured maximum soil–pile interaction pressures closely matched the normalized pressures provided in the literature for short, stiff laterally loaded piles installed in cohesionless soils. In addition, the direct measurement-based p–y curves at different depths showed nonlinear behavior, in which the initial stiffness and ultimate soil reaction increased as the depth increased. When compared to p–y curves calculated from measured strain along the pile length, the directly measured p–y curves showed differences of ultimate soil reaction ranging from 8% to 33%. When compared to p–y curves calculated using the procedures available in the literature, the measurement-based p–y curve ultimate soil reactions have differences ranging from 5% to 189%. The differences in ultimate soil reaction could be mainly attributed to the installation method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".