A transient analysis of negative refraction at the interface between two transmission-line grids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In response to a few recent publications that deny the existence of negative refraction at a single interface on the grounds that it violates causality, an investigation is performed using two-dimensional transmission-line grids. Containing only passive elements and simulated using a standard circuit simulator, the transient response of an obliquely incident Gaussian beam on a negative-refractive-index material is examined. Phase velocity and group velocity (power) are both shown to refract negatively. The refracted beam front, however, is no longer parallel to the phase fronts. In order to remain causal, it must always maintain a positive angle with respect to the interface. This front is called the group front, and despite facing in a different direction, it propagates in the direction of the group velocity. The effect of adding a second interface to the simulation is also shown. In this case, the wave emerging from the negative-refractive-index slab is parallel to the incident wave.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".