Distance Learners’ Needs on Interactivity in SMS-based Learning System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The literature points to the rise of mobile learning (m-learning) adoption in some higher education institutions in Malaysia. However, the designs of m-learning system in each institution are diverse and may not be carefully designed up to learners’ expectation. Needs on interactivity is one aspect to be considered. This study examined the extent to which interactivity is viewed as a key element in designing an SMS-based m-learning system from the perspectives of distance learners. A purposive sample of 61 responses from distance learners from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) was analyzed. The results attested that in general, interactivity was viewed as important in their learning process. Specifically, interaction between students and lecturer was mostly preferred by the students, not only for learning communication, but also as a support to the SMS (Short Message Service)-based learning system. Findings in this study are of interest to distance educators and course designers interested in exploring the interactive elements of SMS-based learning applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".