Distance Learners’ Needs on Interactivity in SMS-based Learning System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The literature points to the rise of mobile learning (m-learning) adoption in some higher education institutions in Malaysia. However, the designs of m-learning system in each institution are diverse and may not be carefully designed up to learners’ expectation. Needs on interactivity is one aspect to be considered. This study examined the extent to which interactivity is viewed as a key element in designing an SMS-based m-learning system from the perspectives of distance learners. A purposive sample of 61 responses from distance learners from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) was analyzed. The results attested that in general, interactivity was viewed as important in their learning process. Specifically, interaction between students and lecturer was mostly preferred by the students, not only for learning communication, but also as a support to the SMS (Short Message Service)-based learning system. Findings in this study are of interest to distance educators and course designers interested in exploring the interactive elements of SMS-based learning applications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".