<i>Civitas</i> in Early Medieval Central Europe—Stronghold or District?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several generations of historians and archaeologists have debated the meaning of the word civitas used in Frankish sources in the 9th and 10th centuries. This argument principally involves a short geographical tract whose anonymous author is known as the so-called ‘Bavarian Geographer’. The 9th-century civitas has been interpreted as designating either a stronghold or, according to the definition in classical Latin, a district. Although the former meaning now seems to have gained popularity in recent scholarship, the latter has still not disappeared and, most importantly, the reasons underlying the adoption of either of these definitions have remained unclear. In this article, the evidence in Frankish written documents is systematically analysed and it is concluded that the so-called ‘Bavarian Geographer’ certainly used the word civitas with the meaning of stronghold, which was common in his time and place, and not with the meaning of district.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".