<i>Civitas</i> in Early Medieval Central Europe—Stronghold or District?
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several generations of historians and archaeologists have debated the meaning of the word civitas used in Frankish sources in the 9th and 10th centuries. This argument principally involves a short geographical tract whose anonymous author is known as the so-called ‘Bavarian Geographer’. The 9th-century civitas has been interpreted as designating either a stronghold or, according to the definition in classical Latin, a district. Although the former meaning now seems to have gained popularity in recent scholarship, the latter has still not disappeared and, most importantly, the reasons underlying the adoption of either of these definitions have remained unclear. In this article, the evidence in Frankish written documents is systematically analysed and it is concluded that the so-called ‘Bavarian Geographer’ certainly used the word civitas with the meaning of stronghold, which was common in his time and place, and not with the meaning of district.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it