Patterns of Fluoride Intake from Birth to 36 Months
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Dental fluorosis prevalence has increased in the United States, Canada, and other nations due to the widespread availability of fluoride in many forms, with fluoride ingestion during the first three years of life appearing most critical in fluorosis etiology. With few contemporary studies of fluoride ingestion in this age group, the purpose of this paper is to describe patterns of estimated fluoride ingestion from birth to 36 months of age from water, dentifrice, and dietary fluoride supplements and combined. METHODS: Repeated responses to separate series of questions about water intake, use of fluoride dentifrice, and use of fluoride supplements were collected by questionnaire as part of the longitudinal Iowa Fluoride Study and used to estimate fluoride intake. Estimated intake is reported by source and combined at different ages. Effects of subject age and other covariates on fluoride intake were assessed using regression methods appropriate for the analysis of correlated data. RESULTS: For most children, water fluoride intake was the predominant source, especially through age 12 months. Combined daily fluoride intake increased through 9 months, was lower at 12 and 16 months, and increased again thereafter. Mean intake per unit body weight (bw) was about 0.075 mg F/kg bw through 3 months of age, 0.06 mg F/kg bw at 6 and 9 months, 0.035 mg F/kg bw at 12 and 16 months, and 0.043 mg F/kg bw from 20-36 months. Depending on the threshold chosen (e.g., 0.05 or 0.07 mg F/kg bw), variable percentages of the children exceeded the levels, with percentages greatest during the first 9 months. Regression analyses showed fluoride intake (mg F/kg bw) from 1.5-9 months to decrease with increasing child's age, mother's age, and mother's education, with a complex three-way interaction among these factors. From 12-20 months, fluoride intake increased with increasing child age and decreased with increasing mother's age. No statistically significant relationships were found for fluoride intake from 24-36 months. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variation in fluoride intake across ages and among individuals. Longitudinal studies may be necessary to fully understand the relationships between fluoride ingestion over time and development of fluorosis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it