Synergistic behaviour of ZnO nanoparticles and gemini surfactants on the dynamic and equilibrium oil/water interfacial tension
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the interfacial behaviour of gemini surfactants (12-3-12 and 14-3-14) at the oil/water interface was investigated. Equilibrium and dynamic interfacial tension in the absence and presence of ZnO was measured and compared. The results show that the synergistic interactions between the surfactants and nanoparticles decrease the interfacial tension beyond that observed for each component, alone. Modelling of dynamic data with two different models indicates that the mechanism of surfactant migration (with and without ZnO) is mixed diffusion-kinetic-control. The Gibbs free energy of micellization and the Gibbs free energy of adsorption in the absence and presence of ZnO were calculated and compared. Finally the effect of addition of ZnO nanoparticles on emulsion stability was also examined.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it