Control of the Lower Leg During Walking: A Versatile Model of the Foot
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An improved biomechanical model has been implemented for use in gait simulations and functional electrical stimulation (FES). The novelty includes longitudinal bending of the foot which implements geometrical changes that appear "healthy-like" during the stance phase of gait. The simulation uses optimal control which minimizes the activation of flexor and extensor muscles, as well as the tracking error. Correspondingly, the results of the bending foot model, contrasted against a rigid foot biomechanical model, show that torques in the knee during foot contact were as much as 36.9 Nm (46.1%) lower, while muscle excitation was on average 6.1% lower. The simulation also shows that the shank angle of the bending foot model was virtually identical to that of the rigid foot model. However, this model's worth is most prevalent in its use for stance phase control in individuals who use multichannel FES. Notably, it can also be used for simulating the gait of individuals who lack ankle articulation and use an active transfemoral prosthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".