Mechanisms of Corrosion and Electrochemical Significance of Metallurgy and Environment with Corrosion of Iron and Steel in Bicarbonate and Carbonate Solutions—A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an electrochemical review on the corrosion behavior of iron and steel in bicarbonate and carbonate solutions. The mechanisms of dissolution and passivation are at first consolidated. The significance of microstructure and alloying composition and those of bicarbonate, carbonate, and chloride, in aerated, de-oxygenated, and carbon dioxide (CO2)-saturated solutions, at different temperatures and pH are surveyed and explained. The kinetics and rates of corrosion and the electrochemical, morphological, and compositional characteristics of the passive films are the main scopes this review encompasses. It deals with a large scatter of findings that are multifaceted and often contradictory in literature. Ultimately, this review helps to better understand and predict the corrosion behavior and guides an informed practice of carbon steel selection for bicarbonate- and carbonate-based aqueous applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".