High expression levels of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) by dendritic cells correlate with HIV-related B-cell disease progression in humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In view of assessing the possible contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) to HIV-related B-cell disorders, we have longitudinally measured B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) surface expression by myeloid DCs (mDCs) and concentrations of B-cell growth factors in the blood of subjects undergoing primary HIV infection with different rates of disease progression. We report that BLyS surface expression by mature mDCs and precursors as well as blood levels of BLyS, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 increased above normal levels in both rapid and normal HIV progressors as quickly as in the acute phase of infection and persisting throughout the course of disease despite successful therapy. Consequently, hyperglobulinemia and high blood levels of circulating activated mature B cells and precursor/activated marginal zone (MZ)-like B cells were found throughout follow-up for both rapid and normal progressors. In contrast, mDC cell-surface expression of BLyS as well as blood levels of BLyS, immunoglobulin, activated mature B cells, and precursor/activated MZ-like B cells in aviremic slow progressors were similar to those observed in healthy donors. Interestingly, the levels of mature MZ B cells were significantly reduced in slow progressors. Our results suggest that DCs might modulate the outcome of the HIV-related B-cell disease progression through the expression of BLyS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".