Water wave transients in an ice-covered channel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many studies show that the propagation of a breakup water surge in impeded rivers (ice cover present) differs from the unimpeded case. Some of the differences are due to ice sheet breaking into pieces as the wave travels downstream while others are due to the effect of a fissured but otherwise intact ice cover’s resistance to motion. This is the subject of this paper: water waves that are sufficiently strong to break the cover away from the banks but not strong enough to create transverse cracks. Although some analytical solutions exist for the propagation of these transients for simple cases, for the first time in the literature, this paper introduces numerical solutions using a FEM model (HYDROBEAM) that simulates this interaction using the one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations appropriately written for rivers having an intact fissured floating ice cover coupled with a classic beam equation subject to hydrostatic loads (often referred to as a beam on an elastic foundation). The governing equations are numerically expressed and are solved using a finite element method (FEM) for the hydrodynamic and ice beam equations separately. A coupling technique is used to converge to a unique solution at each time step (for more information on the numerical characteristics of the model, see companion paper presented by the authors in this issue). The coupled model, gives a first and unique opportunity to compare the simplified analytical solutions to the full numerical solutions. A parametric analysis is herein presented that quantifies the impact of the ice cover's presence and stiffness on wave attenuation and wave celerity as well as to quantify tensile stresses generated in the ice sheet as a function of ice properties (thickness and strength) and channel shape (rectangular and trapezoidal). In general, for rectangular channels, it was found that the simplified analytical solutions are quite representative of the phenomenon namely that short wave transients are affected by the cover’s stiffness but long waves (>400 m) are not.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".