N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in soils of contrasting textures fertilized with liquid and solid dairy cattle manures
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Manure is known to increase soil N 2 O emissions by stimulating nitrification and denitrification processes. Our objective was to compare soil-surface N 2 O emissions following the application of liquid and solid dairy cattle manures to a loamy and a clay soil cropped to silage maize. Manures were applied in 2 consecutive years at rates equivalent to 150 kg total N ha -1 and compared with a control treatment receiving an equivalent rate of synthetic N. Soil-surface N 2 O fluxes, soil temperature, and soil water, nitrate and ammonium contents were monitored weekly in manured and control plots. From 60 to 90% of seasonal N 2 O emissions occurred during the first 40 d following manure and synthetic fertilizer applications, indicating that outside that period one or several factors limited N 2 O emissions. The period of higher emissions following manure and fertilizer application corresponded with the period when soil mineral N contents were highest (up to 17 g NO 3 − -N m -2 ) and water-filled pore space (WFPS) was greater than 0.5 m 3 m -3 . The absence of significant N 2 O fluxes later in the growing season despite high WFPS levels indicated that the stimulating effect of organic and synthetic N additions on soil N 2 O production was relatively short-lived. Fertilization of silage maize with dairy cattle manure resulted in greater or equal N 2 O emissions than with synthetic N. This was observed despite lower overall soil mineral N contents in the manured plots, indicating that other factors affected by manure, possibly additional C substrates and enhanced soil respiration, resulted in greater denitrification and N 2 O production. Silage maize yields in the manured soils were lower than those receiving synthetic N, indicating that the N 2 O emissions per kilogram of harvested biomass were greater for manures than for synthetic N. Our results also suggest that the main source of N 2 O was nitrification in the loam and denitrification in the clay soil. There was no clear difference in N 2 O emissions between liquid and solid manures. The variable effects of liquid and solid manure addition reported in the literature on soil N 2 O emissions likely result from the variable composition of the manures themselves as well as from interactions with other factors such as soil environment and farming practices. A better characterization of the availability of manure C and N is required to assess the impact of manure application on soil N 2 O emissions under field conditions. Key words: Greenhouse gases, N 2 O, maize, manure
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it