Homodyne and heterodyne X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy: latex particles and elastomers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In a coherent X-ray small-angle experiment, heterodyning between the scattering amplitudes of two samples is obtained by stacking a static reference and a fluctuating sample. Results of homodyne and heterodyne measurements are compared in the case of 98 nm diameter latex particles in glycerol. The method is also used for the study of the slow relaxation process of carbon-black-filled ethylene–propylene elastomers corresponding to the relaxation of the carbon black skeleton after a 100% elongation. On the scale of the 10 µm coherent beam, heterodyning is used to separate fluctuations from long-term flowing of the sample. We show that this flow can be observed for about 10 h, with velocities of the order of nanometres per second. Random fluctuations are dominant in the speckle changes only for large q values (q > 2 × 10−2 Å−1) and after a long relaxation time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".