Effect of charge, topology and orientation of the electric field on the interaction of peptides with the α‐hemolysin pore
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanopore analysis is an emerging technique of structural biology which employs nanopores, such as the α-hemolysin pore, as a biosensor. A voltage applied across a membrane containing a nanopore generates a current, which is partially blocked when a molecule interacts with the pore. The magnitude (I) and the duration (T) of the current blockade provide an event signature for that molecule. Two peptides, CY12(+)T1 and CY12(-)T1 with net charges + 2 and - 2, respectively, were analysed using different applied voltages and all four possible orientations of the electrodes and pore. The four orientations were vestibule downstream (VD), vestibule upstream (VU), stem downstream (SD) and stem upstream (SU) where vestibule and stem refer to the side of the pore on which the peptide was placed and downstream and upstream refer to the application of a positive or negative electrophoretic force, respectively. For CY12(+)T1, the effect of voltage on the event duration was consistent with translocation in the VD and SD configurations, but only intercalation events were observed in the VU and SU configurations. For CY12(-)T1, translocations were only observed in the VD and VU configurations. The results are interpreted in terms of two energy barriers on either side of the lumen of the pore. The difference in height of the barriers determines the preferred direction of exit. Electroosmotic flow and current rectification due to the pore as well as the dipole moment and charge of the peptide also play significant roles. Thus, factors other than simple electrophoresis are important for determining the interaction of small peptides with the pore.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it