Coefficient of earth pressure at rest for sands subjected to vibration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An oedometer instrumented to measure horizontal pressure was used to examine the behavior of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, K o , of clean sands subjected to vertical vibration. Reconstituted specimens of Ottawa, Lake Michigan Beach, and Niigata sands were used in a comprehensive series of tests. The dynamic effort is defined by the ratio of dynamic increase in effective vertical stress to the static effective vertical stress, and frequency and duration of vibration. Dynamic changes in K o are referenced to a series of lines representing the ratio of the increase in effective horizontal stress to the increase in effective vertical stress corresponding to different void ratios or friction angles through the Jaky equation. An increase in K o occurs when the combination of the initial sand state and dynamic effort results in periodic disengagement of interparticle contacts, producing a periodic decrease in interparticle shearing resistance and thus a periodic fluidization of the sand. The highest values of [K o ] max as well as the lowest values of e min were obtained with dynamic stress ratios equal to or greater than 3–4. Vibration of overconsolidated sands results in an initial K o drop that increases with previbration density and overconsolidation ratio. Thereafter, the behavior of K o and void ratio with vibration depend on the potential for fluidization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".