Hydrogen Absorption into Titanium under Cathodic Polarization: An In-Situ Neutron Reflectometry and EIS Study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrogen (deuterium) absorption into sputter-coated titanium (Ti) film electrodes during cathodic polarization in heavy water (D2O) was monitored using in-situ neutron reflectometry (NR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The scattering length density (SLD) of Ti metal increased with increasing cathodic polarization, due to the penetration of deuterium through the surface oxide and into the underlying metal. The rate of D absorption estimated from the NR data showed a pattern with four distinctive regions separated by potential boundaries between -0.35 and -0.4 VSCE and around ∼-0.6 VSCE. EIS results support division of the behavior into these potential ranges. Hydrogen absorption by Tiwas observed at potentials <∼-0.35 VSCE, where the capacitance and resistance of the TiO2 layer dramatically changed. At this point, the D content of the film quickly achieved a level of ∼900 ppm by weight (atom ratio D:Ti ∼ 0.04). Decreased absorption kinetics were observed over the potential region from ∼-0.40 VSCE to -0.6 VSCE, indicating that D absorption was controlled either by a diffusion process through the TiO 2 layer or by the formation of blocking hydrides at the Ti/TiO 2 interface, at the base of the defective locations in the oxide through which the hydrogen was entering. Significant increases in the current density and SLD of the Ti film at potentials more negative than -0.6 V SCE were assigned to widespread hydrogen absorption and TiH x growth within the metal. These observations are consistent with hydrogen ingress through the oxide film, probably via weak points containing electronic defects and disorder, such as grain boundaries and triple points, at potentials as mild as ∼-0.4 VSCE, and with hydrogen penetration through continuous, intact oxide via the previously published redox transformation mechanism, at potentials more negative than -0.6 VSCE. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it