Histopathology of Fusarium wilt of staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3. I. Modes of tissue colonization and pathogen peculiarities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Light and transmission electron microscope studies of naturally infected or inoculated staghorn sumac plants by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi race 3 are reported. Diverse extrinsic material (including latex in some instances) or elements occurred in vessel lumina. Some of this material labelled for pectin, often in association with tyloses, as did other opaque matter in paratracheal cells, related to alterations of their protective layer. Pronounced alterations of pit membranes of bordered pits occurred, with their outer portions disrupted into bodies of opaque matter, strongly labelled for cellulose, and their middle portions as unlabelled shreds. Similarly labelled opaque bodies occasionally occurred on vessel walls and lumina. Direct penetration of host cell secondary walls by the pathogen occurred, but these were degraded to any extent only following intramural invasion. Vessel walls, at all stages of infection, were lined with variously structured matter: in their thinnest forms, by single or paired, equidistant or widely spaced opaque bands, and in their thickest forms as alternating opaque and less opaque layers. Other thin elements, often enclosing opaque material, vesicular structures, or occasionally particles of ribosomal appearance were also delineated by similar but frequently infolded bands. These elements were sometimes observed to be confluent with fungal cells and to label for chitin. Many fungal elements were bound by only a thin or defective lucent wall layer, practically unlabelled for chitin, or by a locally thickened, labelled one; labelling for this substrate was also frequently associated with the fungal cell outer opaque wall layer or with some outer extracellular matter. Fine filamentous structures, connected to fungal cells, to the vessel lining matter, and to these other elements, extended into host walls. The lining itself generally did not label for cellulose or chitin. These observations are discussed in comparison with similar observations made regarding other wilt diseases that we have studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".