Aggregation of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin characterized by ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aggregation of metalloporphyrins is believed to play a crucial role in the excited-state annihilation process known as triplet–triplet annihilation, which in turn has significant potential applications in photon upconversion schemes. In this work, the propensity of the water-soluble metalloporphyrin zinc (II) meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine to undergo aggregation when adsorbed to glass cover slips was investigated by single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. In proof-of-principle experiments, it was demonstrated (1) that individual molecules of the metalloporphyrin can be directly visualized in spite of their very weak fluorescence emission, and (2) that at low concentrations (10−8 mol/L), the molecule has a strong tendency to form multimolecular aggregates. A subset of the multimolecular aggregates shows a significant blue-shift in fluorescence emission, though at present the precise nature of the molecular aggregates remains unclear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".