Hydrides in young stellar objects: Radiation tracers in a protostar-disk-outflow system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<i>Context. <i/>Hydrides of the most abundant heavier elements are fundamental molecules in cosmic chemistry. Some of them trace gas irradiated by UV or X-rays.<i>Aims. <i/>We explore the abundances of major hydrides in W3 IRS5, a prototypical region of high-mass star formation.<i>Methods. <i/>W3 IRS5 was observed by HIFI on the <i>Herschel<i/> Space Observatory with deep integration (2500 s) in 8 spectral regions. <i>Results. <i/>The target lines including CH, NH, H<sub>3<sub/>O<sup>+<sup/>, and the new molecules SH<sup>+<sup/>, H<sub>2<sub/>O<sup>+<sup/>, and OH<sup>+<sup/> are detected. The H<sub>2<sub/>O<sup>+<sup/> and OH<sup>+<sup/> <i>J<i/> = 1–0 lines are found mostly in absorption, but also appear to exhibit weak emission (P-Cyg-like). Emission requires high density, thus originates most likely near the protostar. This is corroborated by the absence of line shifts relative to the young stellar object (YSO). In addition, H<sub>2<sub/>O<sup>+<sup/> and OH<sup>+<sup/> also contain strong absorption components at a velocity shifted relative to W3 IRS5, which are attributed to foreground clouds.<i>Conclusions. <i/>The molecular column densities derived from observations correlate well with the predictions of a model that assumes the main emission region is in outflow walls, heated and irradiated by protostellar UV radiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".