Association of the gonyaulacoid dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii with spirolide toxins in size-fractionated plankton
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spirolides are pharmacologically active macrocyclic imines discovered in shellfish and plankton size-fractions collected from near-surface waters along the southeastern coast of Nova Scotia (NS), Canada. These compounds are most prevalent in the water column within plankton size-fractions from 21 to 56 μm during late spring. Analysis of bulk plankton material by liquid chromatography combined with ion-spray mass spectrometry indicated that gonyaulacoid dinoflagellates were domin-ant members of the plankton assemblage in these fractions when spirolides were abundant at Graves Shoal, NS, but that spirolides disappeared from the water column after a shift to diatom dominance. Spirolide composition in the plankton was rather consistent over time and among different sizefractions within a site, but the profile was radically different between sites in Nova Scotia. At Ship Harbour, NS, spirolides A, B, C and desmethyl-C were the major constituents, whereas at Graves Shoal, the primary spirolide derivatives were B, D and an isomer D2. Correlation analysis of spirolide abundance and the occurrence of particular taxa in size-fractionated plankton showed that the highest correlations were with Alexandrium species (r2 = 0.93) and GB42 cells (r2 = 0.83). These latter cells are now recognized as athecate forms of gonyaulacoid dinoflagellates, primarily of Alexandrium ostenfeldii. By analysis of size-fractionated plankton and comparison with cultured plankton isolates from spirolide-rich areas, we have substantiated the primary role of A. ostenfeldii as the source of spirolides in the water column.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".