Limnology, sedimentology, and hydrology of a jökulhlaup into a meromictic High Arctic lake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A large ice-dammed lake drained catastrophically into Lake Tuborg, Ellesmere Island, beginning on 25 July 2003. Limnological, sedimentological, and hydrological parameters were recorded before, during, and after this event. For several weeks prior to the jökulhlaup, water overtopped the ice-dammed lake and flowed into Lake Tuborg's freshwater basin. A shallow sill separates the freshwater basin from a larger, deeper basin containing ~25 PSU (practical salinity units) salt water. The sill blocked underflows from entering the saltwater basin before the jökulhlaup. The ice-dammed lake drained completely and catastrophically when englacial or subglacial conduits developed, and a glacier portal formed 980 m from the Lake Tuborg shore, marking the beginning of the jökulhlaup. The level of Lake Tuborg increased by 7.6 m in 84 h. This jökulhlaup is the largest known to have occurred in the High Arctic, and the largest witnessed in Canada since 1947. Strata of very cold water flowed above the chemocline for about 14 km, from the sill to the southwest end of the lake. The cold strata turbulently mixed with underlying salt water, allowing for saltwater flocculation of suspended sediment, causing rapid settling. The saltwater layer very slightly freshened and cooled. Close to the sill, near-surface sediments derived from the jökulhlaup are coarse and laminated; however, no erosion occurred toward the distal end of the lake, where a fining upward unit with a coarse base was deposited.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".