Foreign Direct Investments and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Comparative Analysis between Landlocked Countries and Countries Having Access to the Sea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Institutional reforms implemented since the beginning of the Nineties resulted in a substantial increase in Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflow into Sub-Saharan Africa. The present study uses data on 32 countries to evaluate the impact of FDI on economic growth through panel data regressions for the period 1988-2008. The study captures the incidence of commercial openness through a comparison between the landlocked countries and those having access to the sea. The results show that FDI have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in countries that have access to the sea whereas for the landlocked countries, the results are not significant. It is therefore recommended that African countries continue to implement policies favorable to the attraction of FDI. Landlocked countries should lay a particular emphasis on the construction of infrastructures (roads, railways, airports, and phone) that facilitate the flow of goods towards the different ports for shipment to countries where their goods are more demanded.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".