The role of ACE2 in pulmonary diseases--relevance for the nephrologist
Bibliographic record
Abstract
of ACE2The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a central regulator of cardiovascular and renal functions and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular and renal diseases.The RAS consists of a series of enzymatic reactions culminating in the generation of angiotensin II (Ang II) in plasma as well as in various tissues including the heart and kidneys.The discovery of angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2) had added a new dimension to the RAS [1-5].Human and rodent ACE2 are similar proteins containing 805 amino acids that include an N-terminal signal sequence, a single active-site catalytic region and a C-terminal hydrophobic membrane-anchor region [2,3,5].ACE2 functions predominantly as a carboxymonopeptidase with a substrate preference for hydrolysis between proline and a hydrophobic or basic C-terminal residue [6].Both ACE and ACE2 are endothelium-bound carboxypeptidases with ACE2 protein being highly expressed in the heart and kidney, and in the kidney, ACE2 is expressed in renal tubular epithelium, vascular smooth muscle cells of the intrarenal arteries and in the glomeruli [1,2,5].Both enzymes can be cleaved by distinct metalloproteases located on the cell surface and released as soluble forms [3].Despite sharing many biochemical properties with ACE, ACE2 is insensitive to classical ACE inhibitors [2,5].Intriguingly, the location of the ACE2 gene on the X-chromosome implies that gender differences in the RAS and cardiovascular physiology may be linked to the ACE2 gene.ACE2 can not only cleave Ang I to generate the inactive Ang 1-9 peptide ACE2 but also directly metabolize Ang II to generate Ang 1-7 [7,3,6].Ang 1-7 functions essentially as a physiological antagonist of Ang II signalling in the cardiovascular system [8,3] and in the kidneys![9,10].ACE2 can potentially me-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".