A time series approach for evaluating intra-city heat-related mortality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extreme heat is a leading cause of weather-related mortality. Most research has considered the aggregate response of the populations of large metropolitan areas, but the focus of heat-related mortality and morbidity investigations is shifting towards a more fine-scale approach in which impacts are measured in smaller units such as postal codes. However, most existing statistical techniques to model the relationship between temperature and mortality cannot be directly applied to the intra-city scale because small sample sizes inhibit proper modelling of seasonality and long-term trends. Here we propose a time series technique based on local-scale mortality observations that can provide more reliable information about vulnerability within metropolitan areas. The method combines a generalised additive model with direct standardisation to account for changing death rates in intra-city zones. We apply the method to a 26-year time series of postal code-referenced mortality data from Philadelphia County, USA, where we find that heat-related mortality is unevenly spatially distributed. Fifteen of 46 postal codes are associated with significantly increased mortality on extreme heat days, most of which are located in the central and western portions of the county. In some cases the local death rate is more than double the county average. Identification of high-risk areas can enable targeted public health intervention and mitigation strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".