Three-Dimensional Simulation of Liquid Water Distribution in a Single PEMFC with Interdigitated Flow Channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A powerful approach to investigate two-phase interactions and liquid interface tracking has been developed in a 3-D proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). By introducing Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) algorithm combined with detail fluid flow, heat and mass transport and electrochemistry processes, the real-time water liquid motion in the channels and accumulation in the porous media can be described at different time instants during operation. The simulation shows that the presence of liquid water in the channels causes a significant increase of pressure drop and uneven distribution of flow field in the cell. Moreover, liquid water located in some regions of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) hinders the mass transport of reactant gases and prevents the reactions taking place in the catalyst layers, resulting in a degradation of current density and then severely affects the PEMFC performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".