Torsional Responses under Bidirectional Seismic Excitations: Effect of Instantaneous Load Eccentricities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Torsional response for one-way or two-way asymmetric linear/nonlinear structural systems under uni- and bidirectional seismic excitations increases the maximum displacement demand on structural systems. In this study, we consider instantaneous load eccentricities caused by the motion of the center of mass. The eccentricities, which are time dependent, exist even for linear elastic two-way symmetric structures under seismic excitations, as the relative displacement between the center of mass and center of stiffness may not necessarily be negligible. The quantification of this second-order effect on structural response is not available in the literature. Equations are developed and some numerical results are obtained by incorporating this second-order effect for linear elastic structures under bidirectional excitations to quantify the importance of this phenomenon. The results obtained by considering more than 100 ground motion records suggest that, on average, an underestimation of seismic displacement demand can occur if this second-order effect is ignored, especially for two-way symmetrical systems. The degree of underestimation depends on the dynamic characteristics of the system and the record.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".