ENERGY SUBSIDIES VERSUS ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ISSUES IN THE CASE OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Energy prices in Brunei are highly subsidised and have not changed for over twenty years. Electricity is priced at approximately B$0.06 (US$0.044) per kWh and petrol (gasoline) varies from B$0.36 (US$0.26) per litre for regular to a maximum of B$0.53 (US$0.38) per litre for premium unleaded. With oil and natural gas prices at relatively high historical levels and the government attempting to reduce its influence on the economy and promote privatisation, the increasing size of the subsidies has come to the attention of policy makers. This paper considers likely market prices for energy in Brunei given current institutions and infrastructure and discusses issues associated with removal of the subsidies in this unique economy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".