Imperialism and Democracy: Convergence and Divergence
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes The theoretical or historical reconstructions of the idea of democracy by Western scholars trace its "formal origins" back to Athens in the so-called cradle of civilisation. However, Isakhan and Stockwell (Citation2011), among others (Frank, Citation1998; Gresh, Citation2011), have established democratic practices in various societies in the Orient that preceded Athens and Rome. Needless to say, the connection between imperialism and democracy in this "secret history" has yet to be made by historians. The libertarian Scott Trask (Citation2004: 1) cites Sumner as a "first-rate diagnostician of the vices and flaws endemic to modern democracy," allowing him to see "with remarkable prevision how it would develop into the twentieth century." However, to put this judgement in perspective we might note that according to Sumner democracy has been "realized" in only three kinds of social organisations, namely "amongst slave-owners, enjoying leisure and recognizing amongst themselves the equality of all freemen" (such as in ancient Sparta, classical Athens, and the former slave states of the United States); "primitive agricultural townships" (such as in colonial New England); and "Caesarean empires" (such as imperial Rome and Napoleonic France). In the nineteenth century, the imperial project of the American democratic republic did not need this ideological cover. It was enough to appeal to the "manifest destiny" of the "nation." In the post-World War II context, however, the US government branded itself as the defender of the idea and forces of "freedom and democracy" against its enemies – "the 'forces of evil,'" in George W. Bush's political discourse). Initially this meant "international communism" and, after 9/11, "international terrorism." Inthis post-war context of the American empire (Pax Americana) the USA presented itself consistently as the leader of the global struggle for freedom and democracy – an ideological stance promoted by the theorists of international development (proponents of modernisation theory, such as W. W. Rostow, amajor national security and foreign policy advisor to several US administrations) – even in its foreign policy of sponsoring military coups against democratically elected regimes. Democracy in its liberal or bourgeois form is usually understood in terms of principles such as electoral participation and legislative representation, but it would be well into the twentieth century before the working class managed to achieve a minimal measure of direct representation in this form of democracy; normally, and certainly in the USA and Canada, both having a "first across the post" electoral system, alarge part of the electorate has no political representation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it