Imperialism and Democracy: Convergence and Divergence
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
Une base qui oublie comment elle a trouvé un travail ne peut pas être vérifiée. Voici les voies qui ont admis celui-ci.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes The theoretical or historical reconstructions of the idea of democracy by Western scholars trace its "formal origins" back to Athens in the so-called cradle of civilisation. However, Isakhan and Stockwell (Citation2011), among others (Frank, Citation1998; Gresh, Citation2011), have established democratic practices in various societies in the Orient that preceded Athens and Rome. Needless to say, the connection between imperialism and democracy in this "secret history" has yet to be made by historians. The libertarian Scott Trask (Citation2004: 1) cites Sumner as a "first-rate diagnostician of the vices and flaws endemic to modern democracy," allowing him to see "with remarkable prevision how it would develop into the twentieth century." However, to put this judgement in perspective we might note that according to Sumner democracy has been "realized" in only three kinds of social organisations, namely "amongst slave-owners, enjoying leisure and recognizing amongst themselves the equality of all freemen" (such as in ancient Sparta, classical Athens, and the former slave states of the United States); "primitive agricultural townships" (such as in colonial New England); and "Caesarean empires" (such as imperial Rome and Napoleonic France). In the nineteenth century, the imperial project of the American democratic republic did not need this ideological cover. It was enough to appeal to the "manifest destiny" of the "nation." In the post-World War II context, however, the US government branded itself as the defender of the idea and forces of "freedom and democracy" against its enemies – "the 'forces of evil,'" in George W. Bush's political discourse). Initially this meant "international communism" and, after 9/11, "international terrorism." Inthis post-war context of the American empire (Pax Americana) the USA presented itself consistently as the leader of the global struggle for freedom and democracy – an ideological stance promoted by the theorists of international development (proponents of modernisation theory, such as W. W. Rostow, amajor national security and foreign policy advisor to several US administrations) – even in its foreign policy of sponsoring military coups against democratically elected regimes. Democracy in its liberal or bourgeois form is usually understood in terms of principles such as electoral participation and legislative representation, but it would be well into the twentieth century before the working class managed to achieve a minimal measure of direct representation in this form of democracy; normally, and certainly in the USA and Canada, both having a "first across the post" electoral system, alarge part of the electorate has no political representation.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle