A system for the detection and location of partial discharges using X-rays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A measuring system has been designed which has an enhanced ability to detect partial discharges (PDs) and locate their origin in large epoxy castings. The enhancement is primarily based on the application of X-rays during high voltage testing, which reduces the apparent inception voltage and increases the pulse repetition rate. A high PD signal-to-noise ratio is achieved by using a combination of several techniques, including; a differential (balanced bridge) measuring scheme: detecting PD in the GHz frequency range; use of a lossy transmission line between the power supply and the test specimen to attenuate external noise; and modulation of the X-ray beam. The PD sites are located by scanning the X-ray beam. The system can test 138-kV-class epoxy spacers used in gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Test voltages up to 500 kV can be achieved with a reliable PD sensitivity of less than 0.1 pC in a typical industrial environment.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".