Particle Filter Enhancement of Speech Spectral Amplitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a particle filter approach to spectral amplitude speech enhancement. Spectral amplitudes are known to exhibit inter-frame dependencies and non-Gaussian statistics; however, incorporating these properties makes closed-form solutions intractable. Using the particle filter framework allows the presented algorithm to model the speech spectral amplitudes as an autoregressive process with Laplace distributed excitation. Two variants of the standard algorithm are also presented: one that uses an interacting multiple model approach to account for transitions between active speech and silence intervals, and one that allows for phase differences between the clean speech and noise complex Fourier transform coefficients. All of the particle sampling distributions are constrained to take the measurement into account, improving sampling efficiency. In experiments using wideband speech and real recorded noise the proposed algorithm variants are shown to offer natural-sounding output speech, with objective evaluation results that compare favorably to existing particle filter speech enhancement algorithms. The multiple model variant is found to improve inter-speech noise reduction, while the phase variant improves performance when the signal-to-noise ratio is low.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".