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Record W2118516371

Building a Home Abroad – A Comparative Study of Ukrainian Migration, Immigration Policy and Diaspora Formation in Canada and Germany after the Second World War

2007· article· en· W2118516371 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Julia Lalande

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicDiaspora, migration, transnational identity
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDiasporaHomelandUkrainianPolitical scienceContext (archaeology)GermanPoliticsImmigrationGovernment (linguistics)RefugeeWorld War IIPolitical economySociologyHistoryLaw
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This dissertation analyses the Ukrainian community in Germany and Canada after the Second World War in the context of diaspora theories. For the time period of this study, Ukrainians can be labeled a diaspora group because they fulfilled the main criteria of a diaspora existence. They were scattered across the globe and determined to maintain their heritage outside the borders of Ukraine. Furthermore, they employed lobbying on behalf of the homeland and developed a collective subject in the diaspora, namely the independence of Ukraine. However, this study has also shown that the attitude of the host country and the size of the group influence whether a diaspora group turns out to be active or passive. Although critical mass stands out as one of the most important issues, the subject is complex and can not be reduced entirely to this aspect. Recapping the particularities in both countries, it becomes obvious that different factors were intertwined and interacted. The group of Ukrainians in Germany consisted mostly of old, very young, or sick people, it was very small and had no roots in the country, all facts that hampered institutional development. Furthermore, its members were part of a ‘negative selection’ and not welcomed by the host society. And the strong Ukrainian anti-Soviet attitude and ensuing political activities could also lead to strained relations with the German government, especially once the latter became more interested in its Ostpolitik during the early 1970s. The origin of the group as forced laborers and the government’s disinterest in drawing the community closer into German society further prevented an identification with the country. In contrast, by 1951 Ukrainians in Canada looked back on 60 years of settlement in the country that had resulted in a numerically strong group and an extensive network of Ukrainian institutions and organizations. Already during the Second World War, Ukrainian Canadians discovered lobbying as a way of communicating their concerns to the government, a trend that they continued in the postwar period. All those Ukrainians who immigrated to the country after the Second World War were part of a labor migration. They were young, active, and capable of finding work in their fields, thereby quickly becoming self-sufficient. The attitude of the Canadian government, the history of Ukrainian settlement in the country, and the developing multiculturalism discussion of the 1960s allowed for an incorporation of Ukrainian as well as Canadian features into their overall discourse, thereby making an identification with the country possible and easing their activities in the country. Both aspects of critical mass as well as government policy worked in favor of the group in Canada and hampered the group in Germany. The process of building a new home abroad turned out to be more complicated for Ukrainians in Germany than for Ukrainians in Canada. Diese Dissertation untersucht die ukrainische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland und Kanada nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg im Kontext von Diasporatheorien. Fur den Zeitraum dieser Studie konnen Ukrainer als Diasporagruppe definiert werden, da sie vier der Hauptkriterien einer Diasporaexistenz erfullen. Sie lebten geographisch verstreut und waren entschlossen, ihr kulturelles Erbe auch auserhalb der Grenzen der Ukraine aufrecht zu erhalten; sie betrieben Lobbyarbeit und entwickelten ein kollektives Ziel, namlich die Unabhangigkeit der Ukraine. Allerdings hat diese Studie auch gezeigt, dass die Einstellung des Gastlandes und die Grose der Gruppe einen Einflus darauf hat, ob eine Diasporagruppe aktiv oder passiv ist. Obwohl die kritische Masse der Gruppe als einer der wichtigsten Aspekte heraussticht, ist das Thema komplex und kann nicht allein auf dieses Kriterium reduziert werden. Wenn man die Besonderheiten in Kanada und Deutschland betrachtet wird deutlich, dass verschiedene Faktoren zusammenwirkten. Die zahlenmasig kleine Gruppe der Ukrainer in Deutschland bestand meist aus alten, sehr jungen, oder aber kranken Mitgliedern, die keine Wurzeln im Land hatten. Ferner waren Ukrainer Teil einer „Negativauslese“ und im Land selbst nicht willkommen. Und besonders wahrend der Phase der Ostpolitik fuhrten ihre starke anti-sowjetische Haltung und politischen Aktivitaten teilweise zu Spannungen mit der deutschen Regierung. Der Ursprung der Gruppe als Zwangsarbeiter und das Desinteresse der Regierung an einer Integration der heimatlosen Auslander verhinderten zudem eine Identifikation mit dem Land. Im Gegensatz dazu waren die Ukrainer in Kanada eine zahlenmasig starke, etablierte Gruppe die 1951 auf 60 Jahre Siedlungsgeschichte und ein breites Netzwerk von Organisationen zuruckblicken konnte. Bereits wahrend des zweiten Weltkrieges hatte die Gemeinschaft Lobbyarbeit betrieben, um die kanadische Regierung auf Probleme aufmerksam zu machen, ein Trend, den sie auch in der Nachkriegszeit fortsetzte. Die sogenannte dritte Welle, die nach dem Krieg nach Kanada emigrierte, bestand zum grosten Teil aus Arbeitsmigranten, also jungen, aktiven Menschen die in der Lage waren, sich im Land zu etablieren und Arbeit zu finden. Die Einstellung der kanadischen Regierung, die ukrainische Siedlungsgeschichte im Land und die sich entwickelnde Multikulturalismusdiskussion der 60er Jahre gaben Impulse fur Aktivitaten der Gemeinschaft und trugen dazu bei, dass sich Ukrainer in Kanada mit dem Land identifizierten. Sowohl der Aspekt der kritischen Masse als auch die Einstellung der Regierung begunstigten die Entwicklung der Gruppe in Kanada und erschwerten den Prozess fur die Gruppe in Deutschland. So fiel es Ukrainern in Kanada leichter, sich eine neue Heimat in der Fremde aufzubauen.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.596
Threshold uncertainty score0.379

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.016
GPT teacher head0.311
Teacher spread0.295 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations6
Published2007
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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