Axial loading tests on short and long hollow structural steel columns retrofitted using carbon fibre reinforced polymers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the behaviour of axially loaded short and long square hollow structural section (HSS) columns, strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Twenty-seven short-column and five long-column HSS specimens were tested. The effect of CFRP sheet orientation in the longitudinal and transverse directions was studied for short columns. For long columns, CFRP sheets were oriented in the longitudinal direction only. A maximum strength gain of 18% was achieved for short columns with two transverse CFRP layers. For long columns, the maximum strength gain of 23% was achieved with three longitudinal CFRP layers applied on four sides. In all CFRP-strengthened long columns, lateral deflections were reduced. Strength gain in long columns was highly dependent on the column's imperfection. As such, no correlation was established between strength gain and number of CFRP layers. CAN/CSA 16-01 equation was modified to account for CFRP through transformed section analysis so that they could be used to predict the axial-load capacity of long columns.Key words: retrofit, steel, HSS, column, FRP, carbon, buckling, strength, stiffness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".