Glass Production in the Early Byzantine Period (4th–7th Century) at Gadara (Umm Qais), Jordan, Area W, 2011 Season of Excavation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies of ancient glass production in northern Jordan are rare. During the 2011 season of excavation at ancient Gadara (Umm Qais), a large number of fragmentary glass objects were found, along with a group of chunks and molten glass fragments. These finds may indicate the existence of a glass secondary workshop at the site during the Byzantine period (4th–7th centuries AD. This paper focuses on the glass objects and the chunks and molten glass fragments discovered at the site. An initial descriptive and comparative study of the objects is followed by a discussion of the glass production and workshops that are already known in the region. A sample of twenty-five diagnostic fragments dated between the 4th and the 7th centuries AD was selected for study, of which nine were analysed chemically using the Atomic Absorption method. The results suggest that glass objects were locally produced at Gadara.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".