Drag on random assemblies of spheres in shear-thinning and thixotropic liquids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The flow and resulting drag force in suspensions consisting of monodisperse, solid spheres, and non-Newtonian liquids have been studied via direct numerical simulations. The liquids are purely viscous (i.e., nonelastic) with shear thinning and/or thixotropic (time-dependent) behavior. The configuration of spheres is static. The interstitial liquid flow is solved by means of the lattice-Boltzmann method. Only creeping flow conditions have been considered. Thixotropy enters via a network integrity parameter that relates to the local, apparent viscosity and for which a transport equation has been solved. The results show that the shear-thinning character of the liquid manifests itself more pronounced at higher solids volume fractions. Thixotropy tends to increase the drag force due to the decoupling of locations of high deformation rates and low viscosity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".