Heme oxygenase in the retina in diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Heme oxygenase (HO) isoforms, HO-1, and HO-2, are responsible for heme breakdown to iron and carbon monoxide (CO). HO may respond to oxidative stress and may modulate the expression of vasoactive factors like nitric oxide (NO). Since diabetes induced oxidative stress may change HO, the present study examined whether diabetes is associated with HO alterations, its relationship with NO, endothelin-1(ET-1) and the functional significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male SD rats with Streptozotocin induced diabetes were investigated after six-weeks. Poorly controlled diabetic animals were randomized to one of three treatment groups (n = 6 each group); a) untreated, b) HO-1 inhibitor SnPP-IX (50 micromol/kgIP/day), c) NO donor molsidomine (120 mg/L PO/day) and were compared with age and sex matched non diabetic control animals with or without SnPP-IX treatment. Color Doppler ultrasound analysis was used to determine retinal resistivity index (RI). mRNA for HO-1, HO-2, ET-1, eNOS and iNOS were analyzed with competitive RT-PCR. HO distribution in the retina was investigated by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS: Diabetic animals expressed lower body weight, higher blood glucose and increased glycated hemoglobin levels. HO-1 and HO-2 immuno-reactivity were identified in the retina. Diabetes induced increased RI was associated with up-regulation of both ET-1 and HO-1 mRNA expression but not eNOS or iNOS mRNA. Both SnPP-IX and molsidomine treatments prevented a diabetes increase of RI, in spite of increased ET-1 expression and were associated with increased iNOS mRNA. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggests that the HO system is up-regulated in short term diabetes leading to HO and NO interactions which may modulate vascular function in the retina.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".