The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) NS3 protein, when expressed alone in mammalian cells, induces apoptosis which correlates with caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains exist as two biotypes, cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp), according to their effects on tissue culture cells. It has been previously reported that cell death associated to cp BVDV in vitro is mediated by apoptosis. Here, experiments were conducted to determine the involvement of the NS3 protein in the induction of apoptosis. The NS3- and NS3Delta50 (deleted from the NH2-terminal 50 amino acids)-cDNA encoding sequences of BVDV NADL cp reference strain were cloned into adenoviral vectors (AdV) from which the BVDV gene of interest could be expressed from a tetracycline-responsive promoter. A549tTA cells infected in vitro with NS3 or NS3Delta50-expressing AdV showed cytopathic changes characterized by cell rounding and detachment, and nucleus chromatin condensation. DNA fragmentation assays, cytochrome c release, and activation of cellular caspases performed on these infected cells clearly correlated with the observed cytopathic changes with apoptosis. The BVDV NS3Delta50-induced apoptotic process was inhibited by caspase-8- and -9-specific peptide inhibitors (Z-IETD-FMK and Z-LEHD-FMK). Furthermore, apoptosis was inhibited in cells expressing the R1 subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (HSV2-R1) or hsp70, two proteins which are known to inhibit apoptosis associated with caspase-8 activation and cytochrome c release-dependent caspase-9 activation, respectively. Given that HSV2-R1, a specific inhibitor of the caspase-8 activation pathway, efficiently suppressed apoptosis and also prevented caspase-9 activation, the overall results indicate that the BVDV NS3/NS3Delta50 induces apoptosis initiated by caspase-8 activation and subsequent cytochrome c release-dependent caspase-9 activation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it